Earthquake Regulations
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE detection
After the big earthquakes occur recently, experts and the structure of the issue must have occurred after the earthquake damage during the determination of the following details were very important. Both the structure and authority of the people who hang with the self-determination will be asked questions are listed below.
1) observe and determine the measures to be taken immediately, the structure of certain parts of the discharge or suspension
2) non-carrier and carrier on all kinds of elements of damage as a photo or sketch on paper to be passed, the crack width and the position of the measuring and marking, their locations and then the number will not interfere is useful.
3) vertical elements of the permanent horizontal and vertical deviation of the hotel to be measured, the horizontal and vertical elements away from the level in the measurement of deformation and sehim
4) Construction of the projects envisaged in the size of elements is made different from the actual cross-section and size were measured to determine
5) Construction material samples taken from the determination of their resistance and voltage of the deformation properties
6) If necessary concrete cover in reinforced concrete structures over the removed accessory equipment location, diameter and determining the amount of
7) Structure of the earthquake or to gather information about the status of the pre-damage, especially in the conditions on the previously remaining in the earthquake did not impact the previous damage, repair and modifications should be identified.
8) Structure of the dynamic characteristics of the natural period and unimpassioned rate, measurement, structural elements to carry out static loading tests
9) Structure determination of the characteristics of the surrounding ground, the need for drilling, measuring and other work to be done
10) for the purpose of comparing nearby review similar structure of the MAINTENANCE EARTHQUAKE
May occur in an earthquake to prevent major damage in the name needs to be done are listed below in advance. Thus;
Generally, damage to pre-level resistance MAINTENANCE, damage than before to bring a high level of resistance is considered to strengthen.
1) Structure of the decreased weight.
Earthquake in the structure is proportional to the force structure for the structure of the weight of a reduction in weight at the same rate structure will make possible reduction of the earthquake forces. To lighten the structure of brick rather than lightweight gypsum partition walls, partition walls gazbeton or can be made with wooden boards. One or a few of the top floor of the building can be demolished. Insulation in the roof structure was replaced with less heavy equipment are subject to change. Construction of internal or external face of the thick plaster coating on the stones can be removed. May not always be possible to lighten the structure. However, should seek to benefit from these facilities. Stairs to reduce the load carrying system ladder to the loads of the arrangements can be made directly into the ground.
2) Construction of sünekliğinin growth.
Is the power structure of the energy consumed Süneklik. Cracking of concrete structures, a combination of rigid beams and columns damaged by the earthquake to turn into joint instead of a combination of energy are consumed. The additional burden of becoming the joint force should not be a significant loss.
3) Structure of the moving power must be increased.
The resulting structure against damage from the forces of resistance is the result of less. Ensure adequate resistance against the incoming force will stop the damage or will not happen again. If that happens, the structure of resistance against the load, or may come, if the poor must be increased.
4) Construction of the improvement of dynamic properties.
Damage to structures, with prime ground vibration period because the dominant period of the resonance very close to each other about the dynamic properties of the structure changed with the ground structure for the period of judges from each other away from the period can be provided.
5) the effect of decreased Bur.
In a lot of damage the building structure and add weight in the distance from each other rijitlik centers revealed that the effects of torsion occurs. For example, a curtain wall structure of the next collection will be created, such as buckling, non-carriers of the partition walls in the floor is placed in a balanced way to have the structure and the weight difference between rijitlik centers by creating, building on the twisting effect can be revealed.
Also added during the repair of the curtain wall to create a twisting effect should be taken into consideration to be placed and the distance between the center of gravity during rijitlik center must be kept low as possible.
6) Load the new elements should be placed to move.
Will move from the horizontal earthquake load structure elements is insufficient to increase the power of this element is the horizontal load carrying or new elements are placed horizontally to carry the load. EARTHQUAKE REPAIR METHOD
Repair of CRACKS
Cracks can be repaired is stopped. It is not an event to repair the crack itself. A force or an impact fracture resistance is the expression of deficiency. Led to eliminate the after effects cracks crack repair should be done. On the other hand, usually do not crack down. All cracks opens and closes. With a flexible material such as expansion of the crack can be filled strofor may prevent play. of material on this subject, but this move may not suit the plaster. Fill and cover material will be appropriate for çekomastik more flexible. In other places, but the crack is perpendicular to prevent the formation of cracks may not be new.
1) Epoxy resins: Epoxy resins and synthetic resins that are very good adhesion properties. Water, is very good resistance to acid and alkali. Timing properties are not lost. Filled with epoxy adhesive into cracks, fissures created by the state into continuous süreksizlik environment. both sides of the crack during the crack as links to each other and prevents accumulation of stress.
2) Epoxy and repair methods:
a) 0.2-0.3 mm wide Epoxy injection method is suitable for repair of the cracks. epoxy resin and concrete equipment to fill the opening between the concrete and equipment aderansı increases.
b) Epoxy filling fee with crushed concrete and broken down and paralannmış is used to fill. By participating in a kind of very thin Epoksinin concrete arega to obtain and destroy is the replacement of the concrete.
3) Epoxy repair and increase the carrying power: Epoxy filled in the cracks between the surface provides a very high pull strength.
4) Cement ooze: Cement standard (TS-24), according to the 95% of cement grains of 200 to 325 screens should be allocated. 0.1 mm of cement sherbet. and it does not appear possible to enter into larger cracks. However, under pressure capillary cracks can be filled with cement, but tactfully.
5) Cement injection: injection of cement rubble stone walls with weak power, especially in moving low pressure will be applied in gold.
6) Mechanical connectors: Crack of the epoxy resin, cement mortar to repair or sherbet usually for no longer expand to fill cracks are not stopped. There was enlargement of cracks in fracture mechanics should be perpendicular to the connector.
OLD AND NEW METHODS OF CONCRETE Inclusion of
Maintenance or strengthening of reinforced concrete structural elements should be larger if you enkesidinin concrete poured before the concrete is poured concrete and the new should work together as a monolithic whole.
1) Transfer of Pressure Forces: This is the right to transfer the old concrete in the face of a rough situation to be brought to the new poured concrete to old concrete for better adhesion to the fresh concrete, a slight pressure (10 kg/cm2) to implement specific binding or the use of substances is recommended. Concrete or by using special spraying concrete is almost the exact continuity.
2) Cutting forces under the influence of contraction: the old and new concrete under the influence of the cutting forces is even more important to coalesce. Between two concrete poured at different times of the cut surface of the concrete under the influence of force transfer takes place with each other, adhesion and friction.
3) to merge with Kama equipment: between old and new concrete was placed in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the wedge effect of sprouting with iron is known to transfer cutting forces. Will benefit from the effects of sprouting iron wedge anchors in the old concrete with high strength and expansion of the slots will be opened must be placed in the mortar.
4) Epoxy resin is knit with: Under pressure at the surface between old and new concrete mixture is almost 100% effective.
DONATE to the Concrete anchors
Accessories for connecting to the concrete;
1) End of the expansion anchors bulonu or private;
2) Epoxy adhesives are used, such as chemicals. EARTHQUAKE MADE errors
Construction during the design of the wrong
1) Earthquake accounts have never been done
2) Structure of the non-carriers with carrier systems such as partition walls for placement of elements occur unbalanced torsion effects can be not taken into account
3) Build the earthquake forces on account of the earthquake should be taken under
4) Structure of the column will increase düktilitesini suture tendon ayrıntilarına be careful, do not put enough ETRI, sprout length and size of anchors generate insufficient, the beams and columns are selected enkesitinin accessories pursantajları small elements to make high and similar errors
During construction of the wrongs
1) Accessories not provide aderansı with very bad quality and projects envisaged in the low-strength concrete construction and equipment of the gold standard in the resistance generated in the rubble in the earthquake came to the state or very heavy damage in reinforced concrete structures damaged because of the first of the concrete strength is very low.
2) The project is envisaged to provide düktiliteyi often be ETRI, anchors and similar equipment details, follow the boy to be STRENGTHENED BEAM
In the adhesion process and the concrete slab of concrete and surface preparation is required.
1) First of steel plates free of surface roughness should be sleek.
2) the roughness of concrete surface, such as jet carrying devices must be fixed in all, the concavity is filled with epoxy mortar fee is sleek hard reached.
3) Beams or laid open holes for the anchors holes are placed bulonlar.
4) Floor beams or plates on the anchors at the point money bulonlarına should open holes and the holes should be used for anchors bulonlarının be easily entered. Moreover, if the injection method to be applied to the plate against the future of the injection tube holes must be opened.
5) If the injection method to be applied to the surface of steel plate is removed with paint thinner. Injection and overflow pipes are placed on plates. And injection of the overflow pipe to the plate for the future should be opened in the hole.
6) Then, epoxy injection pipe of the fee is bored.
7) If the pressure to be applied paste method under special arrangement with the epoxy resin of epoxy resin of the sheet is adhered to the surface and print layout screws up compression pressure is applied to the epoxy hard. Then print order is disassembled.